Remember that most resources that do not have an individual author listed will have an organization or group responsible for the content. You should avoid citing works with no author because you will be unable to verify authority and credibility. ![]() If the organization has a common acronym, you may introduce it in your first in-text citation and then use the abbreviation in all subsequent citations. If the author of a work is an organization, company, or group, list that group's full name in the in-text citation. ( Smith & Miller, 2009)įor references with three or more authors, you will only include the first author and then the words et al. You will list up to two authors in an in-text citation, separated with an ampersand (&). Use the last name of the author for your in-text citation. (2017) explored the impact of attentional bias and rumination on test anxiety in first-year university students. ![]() That’s helpful when there’s a clear path to a solution" (p. Pink (2009) explains that "rewards, by their very nature, narrow our focus. Examples According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011), rates for pregnancy, STDs and abortion are much higher in the US than in other industrialized countries (para. For an overview of signal phrases along with some examples, visit George Mason University's page on Signal Phrases. You will often want to use a signal phrase to introduce a narrative citation. The page number will bookend the quote at the end. A narrative citations weaves in the author's name(s) into the text, and then adds in the year in parentheses. The strength of narrative citations is that it flows better for a reader. You may also use them for paraphrasing or summarizing. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).Narrative citations are the preferred method of citing quotes. ![]() If you’re unsure of which tense to use in signal phrases, please check with your instructor, supervisor, or journal editor.Īmerican Psychological Association. The published text may not reflect the author’s current thinking, so putting the signal phrase in present tense makes a claim that can’t be investigated within the source material. Using the past tense to refer to other researcher's work reflects that the quotation or paraphrase presents the author’s thinking at the time of writing the text, which happened in the past. When expressing "a past action or condition that did not occur at a specific, definite time or to describe an action beginning in the past and continuing to the present", use the present perfect tense (e.g, Lee (2015) has used.). ![]() The choice of using present or past tense in signal phrases for paraphrases or quotations largely depends on the discipline in which authors are writing or the style guide they’re following.Īccording to APA Style, "the past tense is appropriate when expressing an action or a condition that occurred at a specific, definite time in the past, such as when discussing another researcher's work" (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. No matter how you choose to incorporate the idea into your text, you want to make it clear that you are referring to someone else’s idea, not claiming it as your own.ĭeciding the appropriate verb tense usually comes down to using the one that best reflects the time period of the action described in the text. 454)įor more information, please visit Verbs for Referring to Sources (University of Toronto). (Source: A Canadian Writer's Reference (5th ed.), Hacker & Sommers, p. Use active and descriptive verbs in your introduction of a quotation: admitted 453)Įxample: Gore (1992) asserted the importance of considering the environmental effects of technological advances and noted that, “the appropriateness of a technology becomes increasingly important as its power grows and its potential for destroying the environment expands” (p. To vary your sentence structure, you may decide to interrupt source material with a signal phrase or place the signal phrase after your paraphrase, summary, or direct quotation (A Canadian Writer's Reference (5th ed.), Hacker & Sommers, p. It commonly appears before the source material. Using signal or lead-in phrases is an excellent way to give your reader the necessary context to understand why you think the quotation is important to your discussion:Ī signal phrase usually names the author of the source, gives the publication year in parentheses, and often provides some context.
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